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National news
India’s iSNR: Setting Global Standards in Sustainable Rubber

On January 21, 2025, in Kottayam, Kerala, India unveiled the Indian Sustainable Natural Rubber (iSNR) initiative, aiming to establish new global benchmarks in sustainable rubber production. The launch event was graced by George Kurian, Minister of State for Fisheries, Animal Husbandry, Dairying, and Minority Affairs, and presided over by Thiruvanchur Radhakrishnan, Member of the Legislative Assembly. Notable attendees included G. Anil Kumar, Vice Chairman of the Rubber Board, and N. Hari, Member of the Rubber Board.
Key Objectives:
- Zero-Cost Certification: Free certification for farmers to encourage participation.
- Global Compliance: Aligns with European Union Deforestation Regulation (EUDR) to meet international sustainability standards.
Strategic Focus Areas:
- Deforestation Prevention: Commitments to zero deforestation, supporting biodiversity and carbon sequestration.
- Farmer Empowerment: Training and certification to improve yields, reduce environmental impact, and boost livelihoods.
- Supply Chain Traceability: Ensures ethical and sustainable sourcing from farm to factory.
Technology Partner:
TRST01
- Digital Monitoring: Real-time compliance with EUDR and sustainable practices.
- Simplified Processes: Streamlined certification for farmers and exporters.
Significance:
- Promotes India’s adherence to the UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and the Paris Climate Agreement.
- Establishes India as a leader in sustainable natural rubber production globally.
International Conference Marks 125 Years of Solar Physics Research in India

An international conference titled ‘Sun, Space Weather, and Solar-Stellar Connections’ was held in Bengaluru from January 20 to 24, 2025, to commemorate the 125th anniversary of the Kodaikanal Solar Observatory (KSO). Organized by the Indian Institute of Astrophysics (IIA), the event gathered over 200 solar physicists from India and abroad to discuss advancements in solar magnetism, solar-stellar connections, and space weather.
Historical Significance of Kodaikanal Solar Observatory (KSO):
Established: 1899
Contributions:
- Extensive photographic records of solar phenomena like sunspots, solar flares, and coronal mass ejections.
- Pioneered solar astrophysics research in India.
- Unique location and advanced equipment have significantly advanced global understanding of the Sun’s behavior and its influence on Earth.
Key Highlights from the Conference:
Digitization of Historic Records:
- Prof. Abhay Karandikar (DST Secretary) emphasized the digitization of KSO’s archives.
- Highlighted IIA’s contributions to ISRO’s Aditya-L1 mission and plans for the National Large Solar Telescope in Ladakh.
ISRO’s Support:
- A.S. Kiran Kumar (Former ISRO Chairman) stressed ISRO’s capabilities in supporting space-based solar research.
- Invited proposals for new solar research instruments for future ISRO missions.
International Collaboration:
- Over 200 solar physicists participated, fostering international cooperation.
- Notable presentations, including Prof. John Leibacher (National Solar Observatory, USA), praised KSO’s contributions to global solar research.
Legacy and Future Directions:
- KSO remains central to Indian astronomy, with significant contributions to solar astrophysics.
- Ongoing projects like Aditya-L1 and the proposed National Large Solar Telescope aim to expand India’s leadership in solar physics.
- The conference underscored India’s commitment to advancing solar research through innovation and international collaboration.
“Hamara Samvidhan – Hamara Swabhiman” Campaign

The “Hamara Samvidhan – Hamara Swabhiman” campaign, launched on January 24, 2024, by the Hon’ble Vice President of India at the Dr. B.R. Ambedkar International Centre in New Delhi, commemorates the 75th anniversary of India’s Constitution and its establishment as a Republic. This year-long initiative aims to deepen citizens’ understanding of the Constitution and promote legal empowerment across the nation.
Campaign Objectives:
- To deepen citizens’ understanding of India’s Constitution.
- To promote legal empowerment across the nation, emphasizing the significance of legal awareness and citizens’ rights.
Key Highlights of the Campaign:
Nationwide Participation: Over 1.3 lakh citizens took the Panch Pran Pledge on the MyGov platform, committing to nation-building.
Legal Awareness Initiatives: Under the Gram Vidhi Chetna initiative, law students organized legal awareness activities in adopted villages, reaching approximately 21,000 beneficiaries.
Engagement with Marginalized Communities: Nari Bhagidari and Vanchit Varg Samman initiatives reached over 70 lakh individuals through webinars, empowering women and marginalized communities in legal and social matters.
Youth Involvement: The Nav Bharat Nav Sankalp campaign conducted interactive competitions, inspiring youth to take responsibility for a better future and increasing their engagement in national development.
Regional Events and Outreach:
- Locations: Bikaner (Rajasthan), Prayagraj (Uttar Pradesh), Guwahati (Assam).
- Attendance: Over 5,000 attendees at each regional event, with 8 lakh citizens engaged through sub-campaigns like Sabko Nyaya Har Ghar Nyaya, Nav Bharat Nav Sankalp, and Vidhi Jagriti Abhiyaan.
- Concluding Event in Prayagraj (January 24, 2025):
- Location: Parmarth Triveni Pushp, Arail Ghat, Prayagraj (coinciding with the Maha Kumbh Mela).
Key Activities:
- Release of Achievement Booklet: Documenting the campaign’s progress, including events, activities, and achievements throughout the year.
- Launch of 2025 Calendar: Reflecting the campaign’s themes and initiatives.
- Unveiling of Campaign Movie: Showcasing the year-long journey of the Hamara Samvidhan – Hamara Swabhiman campaign through audio-visuals.
International news
Trump Administration Officially Changes Name of Gulf of Mexico to Gulf of America

Trump administration has officially changed the name of the Gulf of Mexico to the Gulf of America as part of a series of executive actions aimed at fulfilling campaign promises. This decision was announced by the Interior Department on a Friday, hours after President Donald Trump took office, marking the beginning of a new chapter for U.S. territorial names and symbols. Another prominent change was the renaming of Denali, Alaska’s towering peak, back to its former name, Mount McKinley. These actions reflect the administration’s focus on reaffirming the nation’s historical heritage and honoring the legacy of significant figures and places.
Name Change to the Gulf of America:
Symbolism and Nationalism:
The name change reflects Trump’s administration’s focus on reasserting U.S. authority over its territories and resources. This change is seen as part of a broader nationalistic agenda to reaffirm American identity and honor the nation’s historical heritage.
International Controversy:
- The Gulf of Mexico, bordered by Mexico, the United States, and Cuba, has long been internationally recognized by this name.
- The name change, while symbolic of U.S. sovereignty, has sparked debate, especially concerning its international implications.
- Mexico has voiced strong concerns about the renaming, emphasizing that Gulf of Mexico is a historically recognized name used in international maritime navigation, trade, and cartography. The new title, they argue, could cause confusion in global communication and trade, especially considering the Gulf’s critical role as a key maritime route.
U.S. Geological Survey Actions:
- Despite Mexico’s objections, the U.S. Geological Survey has been directed by President Trump to update official U.S. government documents and maps to reflect the new title, Gulf of America.
- However, it is expected that the international community will continue using the traditional name, Gulf of Mexico, as it remains entrenched in global cartography and maritime law.
Other Symbolic Changes:
Renaming of Denali to Mount McKinley:
- In addition to renaming the Gulf of Mexico, the Trump administration also reversed the Obama-era decision to rename Mount McKinley (the highest peak in Alaska) back to its original name, Denali.
- This move is part of the administration’s broader effort to celebrate American legacy and honor historical figures and places.
Ranks and report news
NITI Aayog Unveils Fiscal Health Index 2025 in New Delhi

On January 24, 2025, NITI Aayog introduced the inaugural “Fiscal Health Index (FHI) 2025” in New Delhi. This comprehensive report evaluates the fiscal health of 18 major Indian states, aiming to guide policy reforms for sustainable and resilient economic growth.
Key Highlights of the Fiscal Health Index 2025:
Top-Ranked States:
- Odisha leads the index with a score of 67.8, followed by Chhattisgarh (55.2) and Goa (53.6). These states have excelled in areas such as:
- Revenue mobilization
- Expenditure management
- Debt sustainability
States with Areas of Improvement:
- Jharkhand has made significant strides in fiscal prudence and debt sustainability, showing progress compared to previous years.
- Karnataka faces challenges due to weaker performance in areas like expenditure quality and debt management.
Insights from Key Officials:
- Dr. Arvind Panagariya (Chairman, 16th Finance Commission):
- Emphasized that states should follow a stable fiscal path for balanced regional development and long-term sustainability.
- Highlighted that the FHI provides a systematic approach to measuring fiscal performance at the state level, offering valuable insights into broader fiscal trends across India.
Shri Suman Bery (Vice Chairman, NITI Aayog):
- Stated that the FHI is not just a ranking but a tool for improvement, designed to help states assess and enhance their fiscal health.
- Explained that the index serves as a framework to evaluate state economies’ financial well-being through key fiscal indicators.
Shri B.V.R. Subrahmanyam (CEO, NITI Aayog):
- Announced that the FHI report will be instrumental in helping policymakers make informed decisions.
- Added that the report presents an objective picture of fiscal conditions across states, providing actionable insights to strengthen fiscal resilience and ensure sustainable development.
Defence news
Raksha Mantri Rajnath Singh flags-off ‘SANJAY – The Battlefield Surveillance System’

Raksha Mantri Shri Rajnath Singh flagged off ‘SANJAY – The Battlefield Surveillance System (BSS)’ from the South Block, New Delhi. This indigenously developed system marks a major milestone in India’s defense technology, strengthening the surveillance capabilities of the Indian Army. SANJAY is designed to enhance battlefield transparency, improve situational awareness, and optimize intelligence collection, thus transforming the battlefield in the era of modern warfare.
Key Features and Functions:
Purpose:
- Enhances battlefield transparency and situational awareness.
- Strengthens Intelligence, Surveillance, and Reconnaissance (ISR) capabilities.
Functionality:
- Integrates inputs from ground and aerial sensors.
- Validates, de-duplicates, and fuses data to create a Common Surveillance Picture (CSP).
- Transmits CSP over a secured Army Data Network and Satellite Communication Network.
Capabilities:
- Operates in conventional and sub-conventional military scenarios.
- Detects intrusions along India’s land borders.
- Provides real-time battlefield insights for better decision-making.
Technological Highlights:
Centralized Web Application:
- Supplies critical data to Command and Army Headquarters.
- Integrates with the Indian Army’s Decision Support System, enabling strategic analysis.
Significance in Defense:
Operational Efficiency:
- Offers a seamless, real-time view of the battlefield to commanders.
- Acts as a force multiplier by optimizing surveillance and intelligence.
Indigenous Development:
- Developed under the ‘Make in India’ and ‘Aatmanirbharta’ initiatives.
- Represents India’s growing capability in designing and producing advanced defense technology.
Investment: The SANJAY BSS has been developed with an investment of Rs 2,402 crore, reflecting India’s commitment to modernizing its defense infrastructure.
Impact:
- Strengthens India’s defense preparedness in the era of modern warfare.
- Positions India as a leader in indigenous military innovation.
Operation Sard Hawa: BSF Intensifies Vigil on Pakistan Border

Ahead of Republic Day, the Border Security Force (BSF) has heightened its vigilance along the India-Pakistan border at Jaisalmer to prevent any potential infiltration attempts. The BSF has initiated a special operation named ‘Operation Sard Hawa’, starting on January 22, aimed at foiling infiltration efforts by taking advantage of the reduced visibility caused by the dense winter fog. The operation will continue until January 29, with a focus on strengthening security along the border during this critical period.
Purpose:
- To prevent infiltration attempts during the dense winter fog that reduces visibility.
- Enhance vigilance along the border to ensure security ahead of Republic Day celebrations.
Key Features of Operation Sard Hawa:
Season-Specific Focus:
- Designed to counter low visibility challenges caused by winter fog.
- Complements Operation Garam Hawa, conducted in summer to address heat-related border security challenges.
Enhanced Security Measures:
- Deployment of ultra-modern weapons and advanced technical instruments.
- Increased patrolling and monitoring to detect unauthorized crossings.
Technological Integration:
- Use of advanced surveillance systems for effective monitoring in low-visibility conditions.
- Ensures round-the-clock vigilance despite weather-related challenges.
Significance:
- Strengthens India’s border security during a critical period.
- Demonstrates the BSF’s proactive approach to adapting security measures to seasonal conditions.
- Reinforces India’s commitment to maintaining territorial integrity and national security.
Science and tech news
Reliance Industries to Build World’s Largest Data Centre in Jamnagar, Gujarat

Reliance Industries, led by Chairman Mukesh Ambani, is set to build the world’s largest data centre in Jamnagar, Gujarat. This ambitious project is poised to be a game-changer in India’s digital infrastructure, especially in terms of its rapidly expanding artificial intelligence (AI) capabilities. With this massive investment, Reliance aims to help India become more competitive on the global AI stage while contributing significantly to the nation’s digital and technological growth.
Strategic Importance of the Data Centre:
Digital Transformation Backbone:
- The Jamnagar data centre is crucial for India’s digital infrastructure, offering unprecedented storage, processing, and AI-driven capabilities.
- Expected to serve as a central hub for AI applications, machine learning, and other advanced technologies, it will support India’s growing digital needs.
Global AI Competitiveness: This facility will contribute significantly to India’s position in the global AI race, enhancing the country’s competitiveness by enabling advanced processing of vast datasets.
One-Gigawatt Capacity: With a capacity of one gigawatt, the data centre will be the largest of its kind in the world, underlining its importance for India’s AI and digital aspirations.
Reliance’s Partnership with NVIDIA:
AI Technology Leadership:
- NVIDIA, a global leader in AI technology, will provide Blackwell AI processors for the Jamnagar data centre.
- These processors are designed to accelerate AI computations, enabling the data centre to efficiently handle complex AI workloads.
Strategic Collaboration: The collaboration with NVIDIA highlights Reliance’s commitment to building cutting-edge AI infrastructure in India, reinforcing its vision to be at the forefront of the global AI landscape.
Sports news
Arshdeep Singh Becomes India’s Leading Wicket-Taker in T20Is

In a remarkable achievement, Arshdeep Singh has overtaken Yuzvendra Chahal to become India’s highest wicket-taker in T20 Internationals. This milestone was reached during the first T20I against England on January 22, 2025, at Eden Gardens in Kolkata.
Record-Breaking Performance:
- Milestone: Arshdeep Singh overtook Yuzvendra Chahal to become India’s highest wicket-taker in T20 Internationals.
- He achieved this feat by dismissing Ben Duckett of England, bringing his total to 97 wickets in 61 matches, surpassing Chahal’s tally of 96 wickets in 80 matches.
- Arshdeep’s achievement came 19 matches earlier than Chahal, highlighting his impressive strike rate and consistency
Madison Keys Wins Australian Open 2025 Women’s Champion

Madison Keys, the 29-year-old American tennis star, has made history by clinching her first-ever Grand Slam title at the 2025 Australian Open. In a nail-biting final, she defeated two-time defending champion Aryna Sabalenka with a scoreline of 6-3, 2-6, 7-5 in Melbourne. This victory has cemented her position as one of the most remarkable players of her generation. Here’s an in-depth look at the journey of Madison Keys, her achievements, and her rise to prominence.
Early Career and Professional Debut:
- Professional Debut (2009): Madison Keys made her professional debut at just 14 years old.
- ITF Circuit Titles: By 2010, she won her first title on the ITF circuit, followed by two more titles in 2012.
Breakthrough Year (2013): Madison broke into the WTA Top 100 for the first time, finishing 2013 ranked 39th in the world, signaling her arrival as a rising star in women’s tennis.
Science and tech news
ISRO Set To Launch Its 100th Satellite On Jan 29

India’s space agency, ISRO (Indian Space Research Organisation), is preparing to make history with the launch of its 100th satellite. This milestone mission is set to take place on January 29 from the Satish Dhawan Space Centre in Sriharikota, with the GSLV-F15 NVS-02 mission. This achievement marks a significant step for India in space exploration and satellite technology, reinforcing the country’s growing space capabilities.
Launch Details and Mission Overview:
- Rocket: The GSLV-F15 rocket, equipped with India’s Indigenous Cryogenic Stage, will carry the NVS-02 satellite into orbit.
- Orbit: The satellite will be placed into a Geosynchronous Transfer Orbit (GTO).
- Launch Pad: The mission will take place from the Second Launch Pad (SLP) at the Satish Dhawan Space Centre, ISRO’s main hub for space missions.
Significance of GSLV-F15:
- This is the 17th flight of the Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle (GSLV) and the 11th flight featuring the Indigenous Cryogenic Stage.
- The cryogenic stage has become a cornerstone in India’s rocket propulsion technology, with this being the 8th operational flight using the cryogenic stage.
ISRO:
- Headquarters: Bengaluru
- Founded: 15 August 1969
- Chairman: Dr. V. Narayanan
Appointment news
Micheál Martin Reappointed as Irish PM

Micheál Martin has been re-elected as Ireland’s Taoiseach (Prime Minister) following a parliamentary vote on January 23, 2025. This marks his second term, having previously served from 2020 to 2022. The vote concluded with 95 in favor and 76 against, leading to the formation of a coalition government comprising Fianna Fáil, Fine Gael, and independent lawmakers.
Akhil Gupta Appointed as Chairman of Bharti AXA Life Insurance

In June 2024, Akhil Gupta, Vice Chairman of Bharti Enterprises, was appointed as the new Chairman of Bharti AXA Life Insurance. With over 40 years of experience, Gupta has been instrumental in the growth of Bharti Airtel and has led strategic partnerships with investors such as Warburg Pincus, Temasek, KKR, Qatar Foundation Endowment, AIF, and Sequoia Capital. He has also overseen the successful public listings of Bharti Airtel, Bharti Infratel, and Airtel Africa.
Ayushmann Khurrana Appointed Brand Ambassador for FICCI Frames 25th Anniversary Edition

FICCI Frames, India’s premier global media and entertainment convention, is gearing up to celebrate its 25th anniversary this year. This significant milestone in the history of the event marks a special moment for the media and entertainment industry, and in recognition of this achievement, renowned Bollywood actor Ayushmann Khurrana has been appointed as the brand ambassador for this year’s edition of FICCI Frames.
Ayushmann Khurrana’s Excitement and Commitment:
Honour of Being Brand Ambassador:
- Ayushmann Khurrana expressed immense pride and excitement at being named the first-ever Brand Ambassador for FICCI Frames during its 25th anniversary year.
- Khurrana reflected on his journey, sharing that coming from Chandigarh to Mumbai with just dreams in his eyes, he never imagined such a remarkable path, where his work has contributed to shaping India’s pop culture.
Commitment to FICCI Frames:
- The actor emphasized his dedication to working closely with the FICCI team to promote innovation, disruption, and excellence in the media and entertainment industry.
- Khurrana’s role will include championing disruption, celebrating industry innovations, and highlighting the achievements that the media and entertainment industry continues to deliver.
About FICCI Frames:
FICCI Frames is a global media and entertainment convention that serves as a premier platform to bring together industry leaders, innovators, and creators from across the globe. The 25th edition of this event promises to showcase India’s growing influence in the global media landscape and further solidify the country’s role as a hub of creativity and innovation in entertainment.
With Ayushmann Khurrana as the brand ambassador, the 2025 edition of FICCI Frames is poised to be a memorable celebration, marking a milestone for the industry and setting the stage for its future growth.
Important days
National Voters’ Day 2025: Date, Theme, History and Significance

India marks its 15th National Voters’ Day (NVD) today, January 25, 2025, celebrating the power and importance of every vote in strengthening the democratic fabric of the nation. This annual observance commemorates the establishment of the Election Commission of India (ECI) and highlights the critical role of voters in sustaining democracy.
Theme for National Voters’ Day 2025: “Nothing Like Voting, I Vote for Sure”
- The theme continues to emphasize participatory democracy and encourages citizens to take pride in their right and duty to vote.
- It promotes the transformative power of each vote, urging voters at all levels (national, state, district, and local) to recognize the critical role of their participation in strengthening democracy.
National Tourism Day 2025: Date, Theme, History and Significance

National Tourism Day is celebrated annually on January 25 to promote responsible, sustainable, and accessible tourism across India. It is an occasion to showcase the country’s diverse tourist destinations, rich cultural heritage, and natural landscapes to the world, emphasizing the immense potential of India’s tourism industry.
- Theme of National Tourism Day 2025:
- “Tourism for Inclusive Growth”
The theme for this year’s celebration highlights the following priorities:
Cultural Exchange & Heritage Preservation:
- National Tourism Day serves as a platform to showcase India’s 43 UNESCO World Heritage Sites, natural landscapes, and the diverse cultural heritage of the country.
- Fosters international understanding and cultural exchange, positioning India as a top global tourism destination.
Economic Impact:
- Tourism contributes significantly to India’s economic growth, creating jobs and driving regional development.
- Supports the growth of small and medium-sized enterprises involved in the tourism industry, from handicrafts to hospitality services.
History of National Tourism Day:
Inception (1948):
- The Government of India established a dedicated Tourism Department in 1948 with the goal to Preserve and promote India’s vast cultural heritage.
- Make tourist destinations accessible and enjoyable for both domestic and international visitors.
Ministry of Tourism’s Role:
The Ministry of Tourism is responsible for:
- Developing and promoting tourism across the country.
- Designing policies to foster the growth of the tourism sector.
- Enhancing tourism infrastructure to create memorable travel experiences.
- Uttar Pradesh Foundation Day 2025: Celebrating 76 Years of Legacy
Uttar Pradesh Celebrates 76th Foundation Day: A Journey of Cultural Heritage and Development

Uttar Pradesh, India’s most populous state, commemorates its Foundation Day every year on January 24. This occasion reflects the state’s rich cultural heritage, remarkable contributions to India’s development, and its historical journey. In 2025, Uttar Pradesh celebrates its 76th Foundation Day, with grand events scheduled from January 24 to January 26 at Awadh Shilp Gram in Lucknow. Let us delve into the historical significance, achievements, and contributions of Uttar Pradesh on this momentous occasion.
Historical Evolution of Uttar Pradesh
Formation of United Provinces (1902):
- Renamed from North-Western Provinces to the United Provinces of Agra and Oudh under British rule.
- Administrative capital shifted from Allahabad to Lucknow, marking the region’s rise in cultural and political importance.
Post-Independence Integration (1947–1950):
- After independence, the United Provinces became an administrative unit.
- Princely states like Tehri Garhwal and Rampur were merged in 1949.
- Officially renamed Uttar Pradesh on January 24, 1950, coinciding with the adoption of the Indian Constitution.
Revival of Uttar Pradesh Day
Initial Celebration (1989):
First observed in 1989 but discontinued due to political opposition from the Samajwadi Party.
Revival (2017):
- Resumed by the Yogi Adityanath government.
- Since then, celebrated annually with grand cultural and developmental programs.
- Celebrations in 2025
- Location: Awadh Shilp Gram, Lucknow
- Duration: January 24–26
- Purpose: To honor the state’s cultural heritage, historical journey, and contributions to India’s growth.
Uttarpradesh:
- Capital: Lucknow (Executive Branch)
- Chief minister: Yogi Adityanath
- Governor: Anandiben Patel
Himachal Pradesh Statehood Day 2025: Celebrating a Rich History

Himachal Pradesh (H.P.) celebrates its Statehood Day on 25th January every year, marking the day when it officially became the 18th state of the Indian Union in 1971. On this occasion, the Prime Minister of India extended greetings to the people of H.P., acknowledging its unique cultural and historical heritage.
Historical Background of Himachal Pradesh
During British Rule:
- 1858: After Queen Victoria’s Proclamation, British territories in the hills, including Chamba, Mandi, and Bilaspur, came under British Crown control.
- World War I (1914-18): The rulers of Himachal’s hill states supported the British Empire, contributing men and materials.
Post-Independence History:
- Formation as Chief Commissioner’s Province (1948): Himachal Pradesh was formed by merging 30 princely states.
- Part C State (1950): Following the adoption of the Indian Constitution, Himachal became a Part C state under Article VII of the Constitution.
- Integration of Bilaspur (1954): The princely state of Bilaspur merged with Himachal Pradesh.
- Union Territory Status (1956): Following the State Reorganisation Commission’s recommendations, it became a Union Territory.
- Expansion with Punjab Hill Areas (1966): Kangra and other hill areas of Punjab were merged into Himachal Pradesh.
Statehood Achievement (1971):
- December 18, 1970: The State of Himachal Pradesh Act was passed in Parliament.
- January 25, 1971: Himachal Pradesh became the 18th state of India, completing its long journey towards full statehood.
Significance of Himachal Pradesh’s Statehood Day
- Cultural and Historical Heritage: Acknowledging Himachal Pradesh’s unique cultural legacy, the Prime Minister of India extended greetings to the state’s citizens on this occasion.
- Economic Progress and Development: Over the years, Himachal Pradesh has evolved into a self-reliant and economically vibrant state, with successive governments focusing on its development.
- Contribution to National Identity: Himachal Pradesh’s history is an essential part of India’s diverse and unified heritage, contributing significantly to the country’s progress.
Himachal Pradesh:
- Capitals: Shimla (Summer), Dharamshala (Winter)
- Chief minister: Sukhvinder Singh Sukhu
- Governor: Shiv Pratap Shukla